Ebola virus wiki

In the wake of the outbreak, international efforts began in earnest to develop an effective vaccine against the Ebola virus. The two most promising candidates include chimpanzee adenovirus 3 vaccine cAd3 from GlaxoSmithKline and the U. EVD should be suspected in any patient with fever and Ebola virus exposure within the last 21 days, though early diagnosis is difficult given the similarity of EVD to other viral hemorrhagic infections.

If suspicion for EVD is high, the patient should be quarantined and public health authorities should be informed. Given the biosafety risk of specimen handling, only Biosafety Level 4 laboratories are capable of performing diagnostic laboratory testing. Several diagnostic methods are available including reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR , serology including immunoglobulin M IgM and immunoglobulin G IgG , virus isolation, antigen detection, electron microscopy, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry.

Table 1 details the diagnostic tests available at the CDC. Adapted from the CDC [24]. Ocular manifestations in the convalescent stage of Ebola virus infection are one of the most commonly reported symptoms.

The findings are usually related to prior inflammation with uveitis being the most common diagnosis. In the current literature, one case series of 96 patients reports posterior uveitis as most frequent [7] while two others of at least combined patients report anterior uveitis as most frequent. Live Ebola virus has been isolated from immune privileged organs after clearance of viremia including the eye [11] and reproductive organs.

The differential diagnosis for post-infectious Ebola uveitis includes a broad array of both inflammatory and infectious etiologies including but not limited to:. While the majority of noninvasive diagnostic testing is not specific, it can be a useful adjunct.

Multimodal imaging including fundus photography and optical coherence tomography OCT can be used to evaluate retinal lesions in posterior or panuveitis. Steptoe et al. Peripapillary lesions exhibited variable curvatures respecting the horizontal raphe and sparing the fovea. OCT showed abnormalities of the outer retinal layers. However, Shantha et al. Fluorescein angiography FA may be used for initial evaluation of uveitis extent including the presence or absence of macular edema or vasculitis.

Continued monitoring for treatment response can also be done with FA as necessary. Laboratory diagnostic testing can include sending out serum and aqueous humor samples for serology or antigen detection see above. Management of the acute Ebola infection currently consists mostly of supportive care to manage the complications of severe hypotension and shock.

However, multiple investigational therapies are currently being developed in response to the last major outbreak in The most promising therapies include ZMapp [27] , a triple monoclonal antibody; remdesivir, an antiviral agent; MAb, a single monoclonal antibody; and REGN-EB3, a triple monoclonal antibody.

Ocular post-infectious sequelae are managed according to causative etiology. Management of uveitis is based on initial presenting severity and typically occurs in a stepwise fashion. Topical steroids and cycloplegics may be prescribed first at a frequency from four times daily to every 1 hour, depending on the presentation. Oral steroids such as prednisone may be required if the vision significantly deteriorates or inflammation worsens.

Intravitreal steroid injections can also be used to manage inflammation. One report described the oral administration of the antiviral medication favipiravir with steroids to treat post-infectious Ebola uveitis, though it is unknown whether its use influenced disease resolution. To date, there has been no reported use of immunomodulatory agents in managing chronic Ebola-related uveitis, and their role is unknown.

The most common surgical intervention to manage the ocular complications of PEVDS is cataract surgery. Due to the high incidence of uveitis, many cataracts in Ebola survivors are extremely dense, increasing the risk of possible complications.

An additional risk associated with cataract surgery is the possibility of contact with live virus particles and special care must be taken to avoid direct contact with bodily fluids during surgery. In , Shantha et al. Ocular prognosis related to post-infectious Ebola complications is varied. African patients in endemic regions often present with worse initial visual acuity compared to their American counterparts, likely due to poor access to ophthalmic care.

Those whose vision is limited mainly due to cataract may recover significantly after surgery. Create account Log in. Main Page.

Getting Started. Recent changes. View form. View source. Ebola Virus From EyeWiki. Jump to: navigation , search. Original article contributed by :. All contributors:. Andrew W. Assigned editor:. Leo A. Ebola virus.

Digitally-colorized scanning electron microscopic image depicting numerous filamentous Ebola virus particles blue budding from an infected VERO E6 cell yellow-green. Use according to the Public Domain.

ICD - ICD - 9. Late ophthalmologic manifestations in survivors of the Ebola virus epidemic in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo. J Infect Dis. Biomed Res int. An update on ocular complications of Ebola virus disease. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. N Engl J Med. Ebola virus disease complications as experienced by survivors in Sierra Leone. Clin Infect Dis. Early clinical sequelae of Ebola virus disease in Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect Dis. Ophthalmic manifestations and causes of vision impairment in Ebola virus disease survivors in Monrovia, Liberia.

Main Page All Pages Community. Explore Wikis Community Central. Register Don't have an account? Ebola Virus. View source. History Talk 0. Sunny Day can eliminate The Ebola Virus.

It causes hemorrhagic fever and severe internal bleeding that will kill within three days. This usually involves blood coming in convulsions.

To make matters even worse, all forms of ebola are highly contagious, and medical workers must be fully prepared to contract the disease themselves, especially if blood is convulsed out it is, obviously, equally contagious. If ebola was actually used as a biological weapon, it would be much more dangerous even than anthrax; that disease at least can't be spread by carriers and has a vaccine, while ebola has no cure.

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