Dehydration viruses

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You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. The knowledge was defined as poor if none was selected or only third choice was selected. All choices are correct answers. The total water intake was calculated based on the number of water glasses and water bottles used per day. The IOM guidelines for water was considered as a cut-off since it has specified the total daily water intake for men and women, compared to Saudi guidelines which is not gender specific.

This study aimed towards assessing the level of dehydration knowledge. Therefore, formula for prevalence estimation was considered. The malls were selected using cluster sampling technique based on different geographical sub-regions of Riyadh city South, North, West and East in order to obtain a population sample that was representative of the city and covering all socioeconomic areas.

Participants were enrolled in the study during their visit to shopping malls using systematic random sampling. This has resulted in 14 intervals in which 30 subjects were selected systematically by randomly dropping or including the first subject entering the mall during the specific interval and then sampling every 5th subject until the quota of 30 subjects has been reached.

The self-administered anonymous questionnaire Arabic version was used for Saudi participants; while English version was used for non-Saudi participants. The completed questionnaires were collected immediately after completion in an envelope to maintain the confidentiality of the responses. In total, participants were approached; 20 5. The reasons of their non-participation were not recorded. Demographic characteristics were summarised and reported in terms of mean, standard deviation and proportions.

Total water intake was compared across gender by using t-test. Negative binomial model was utilized to determine the predictors of water intake. Number of water glasses intake daily was considered as outcome variable. BMI was calculated from self-reported height and weight. Significance was declared at alpha less than 0. Knowledge of dehydration definition, prevention, consequences, and water intake recommendation.

Selection of a or b is correct while c is incorrect choice. Moreover, fatigue The self- reported fluid intake by the study participants was summarised in Additional file 2 : Table S1. Only 3 0. This study has focused on knowledge of dehydration definition, symptoms, causes, prevention, water intake recommendations and water intake practices conducted at a public level.

The participants were knowledgeable for the common presenting symptoms of the dehydration; dry lips, thirst, dry tongue, and dry skin.

However, knowledge was lacking for the less common symptoms headache, dizziness, light headedness, lack of focus and muscle weakness. Hydration status impacts the perception of dehydration symptoms, as reported in a study the perception of dehydration symptoms headache, tiredness, poor concentration and thirsty was different across dehydrated and non-dehydrated students [ 22 ]. Despite having the good knowledge of the dehydration definition, the participants had limited knowledge of the causes of dehydration, as well of potentially serious consequences.

In a survey conducted among school students in China, By contrast, in this study, more than two-thirds of the participants were lacking knowledge that dehydration can cause brain damage.

Participants had demonstrated good knowledge for dehydration prevention, with the majority reporting that dehydration risk can be reduced by drinking enough fluids. Studies had reported heterogeneous methods of assessing knowledge of adequate water intake based on the target population [ 19 , 20 ].

The water intake practices in this study sample were consistent with IOM water intake recommendation. The total water intake was 3. The water-intake levels reported in this study meets the minimum required daily intake, but do not comply with the 4. The water intake recommendations provided by IOM and Saudi guidelines have some differences. One reason of the differences is that Saudi guidelines have focused on minimum water intake recommendation and did not specify intake based on gender.

A healthy adult can be symptomatic even at low levels of dehydration, and the feeling of thirst indicates that one is already dehydrated.

To avoid dehydration, fluids should be regularly replenished. The primary and secondary school students in China, have reported good knowledge of dehydration In contrast, the current study participants had displayed good knowledge of dehydration definition as well reported adequate water intake practices.

Health-care providers, fitness experts and dieticians have raised awareness about the importance of adequate water intake for achieving and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The relationship of several predictors of more water intake was examined in this study.

The predictors associated with more water intake were juice, tea intake and weight status. Similarly, the weight status has been reported as a predictor of more water intake in the literature [ 37 ].

Age and prior hospitalization were found to be the predictors of less water intake. Similar to the current study, Goodman et al. Coffee intake was found to be a predictor of dehydration among university students [ 22 ]. In the current study coffee intake and education status was not identified as a compelling predictor of more water intake.

The self-reported water and fluid intake may have been over or underestimated. The sample was recruited from the shopping malls, which imposed selection bias and might be slightly different from the population.

Our results suggest that water intake differ by gender and therefore our reported overall water intake might not reflect that of the general population. Other limitation of this study is that we did not inquire the activity level and involvement in intense physical activity of the participants, which alters the fluid requirement.

The hydration status assessment was beyond the scope of the study. The study sample reflects the state of knowledge of general public.

The participants had displayed good knowledge of dehydration definition, common symptoms and water intake recommendation. Despite having the good knowledge of dehydration definition, the knowledge was lacking for the less common symptoms, causes, and of potentially serious consequences of dehydration.

The participants had reported adequate water-intake. Dehydration questionnaire Public awareness and knowledge of dehydration in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The additional file 1 consists of the dehydration questionnaire. DOC kb. Table S1. Reported average fluid intake by the study participants results table. The additional file 2 consists of reported average water and fluid intake across study participants. DOCX 14 kb. Table S2. Reported average fluid intake comparison by gender results table.

The additional file 3 consists of total water intake comparison between males and female. DOCX 13 kb. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors. NAS: designed the study, developed questionnaire, reviewed results, and drafted the manuscript. AAQ: drafted study proposal, developed questionnaire, data acquisition and reviewed the manuscript. HA: drafted study proposal, developed questionnaire, data acquisition and reviewed the manuscript.

RAK: drafted study proposal, data acquisition and reviewed the manuscript. MAH: conducted statistical analysis, reviewed the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. All participants were adequately informed of the aims, methods, and risks of the study as well as of voluntary participation and confidentiality of the responses at the introduction of the survey.

The consent was implied and did not require written documentation. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. After taking your medical history, your doctor will check your vital signs , including your heart rate and blood pressure. Low blood pressure and rapid heart rate can indicate dehydration. Your doctor may use a blood test to check your level of electrolytes, which can help indicate fluid loss.

This helps your doctor determine how well your kidneys are functioning, an indicator of the degree of dehydration. A urinalysis is an exam that uses a sample of urine to check for the presence of bacteria and electrolyte loss.

The color of your urine can also indicate dehydration when combined with other symptoms. Treatments for dehydration include rehydrating methods, electrolyte replacement, and treating diarrhea or vomiting, if needed. Rehydration by drinking may not be possible for all people, like those who have severe diarrhea or vomiting. In this case, fluids can be given intravenously. To do this, a small IV tube is inserted in a vein in the arm or hand.

For those able to drink, drinking water along with an electrolyte-containing rehydration drink, such as a low-sugar sports or electrolyte drink, may be recommended. Children with dehydration are often directed to drink Pedialyte. Using too much salt or sugar can be dangerous. Avoid soda, alcohol , overly sweet drinks, or caffeine.

These drinks can worsen dehydration. You can help prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of water throughout the day and taking electrolytes if you start seeing early signs of fluid loss. As many teas contain caffeine — which may have diuretic effects — you may wonder whether drinking tea affects hydration. This article uncovers the…. Being dehydrated can negatively affect your body and brain.

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